The college student must develop skills that allow for self-education; there for, it requires the appropriation of strategies that facilitate their autonomous learning and the formation of critical thinking. The presented monograph offers a bibliographical analysis with the aim of offering an epistemological approach to the role of self-learning and metacognition in Higher Education.

El estudiante universitario debe desarrollar habilidades que le permitan su auto educación; para lo cual, este requiere apropiarse de estrategias que faciliten su aprendizaje autónomo y formación del pensamiento crítico. La monografía que se presenta brinda un análisis bibliográfico con el objetivo de ofrecer una aproximación epistemológica al rol del autoaprendizaje y la metacognición en la Educación Superior.

Background: Physical inactivity is an important cardiovascular risk factor. Aim: To investigate the association of physical inactivity with obesity, metabolic markers, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and metabolic syndrome in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: Participants from the National Health Survey 2009-10 (n = 5,157) were included in this study. Body mass index, waist circumference, metabolic markers (blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile) were the outcomes. Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome were determined using international criteria. Physical activity levels were determined using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and physical inactivity was defined as < 600 METs/minutes/week. Results: Compared to their physically active peers, inactive men and women had a higher odds ratio (OR) for obesity (OR: 1.77 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.29-2.42], p < 0.01 and 1.25 [95% CI: 102-1.54], p < 0.035, respectively), diabetes (OR: 2.47 [1.80-3.38], p < 0.01 and 1.72 [1.35-2.19], p = 0.002, respectively) and hypertension (OR: 1.66 [1.31-2.09], p < 0.01 and 1.83 [1.54-2.18] respectively. An association of physical inactivity with central obesity and metabolic syndrome was observed only in men (OR: 1.92 [1.42- 2.58], p < 0.01 and 1.74 [1.23-2.47], p < 0.01, respectively). Conclusions: Not meeting the physical activity recommendations is associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome, which are important cardiovascular risk factors.

Background Physical inactivity and obesity are major risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Aim To investigate whether if the association between obesity and diabetes is modified by levels of physical activity in the Chilean population. Material and Methods Cross-sectional study including 4,712 participants from the 2009-2010 National Health Survey. Diabetes was determined when participants referred having the disease or had a fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl. Physical activity level was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. The association between diabetes, obesity and physical activity was determined using logistic regression analysis. Results Compare to active and normal weight subjects (reference group), the risk for T2D was higher in active individuals with overweight (Odds ratio (OR): 2.85 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.76- 4.61] p < 0.01). The risk among inactive but normal weight participants (OR: 2.12 [95% CI: 1.49- 3.01], p < 0.01) was of lower magnitude and was even higher among inactive and overweight individuals (OR: 3.22 [95% CI: 2.10 – 4.93], p < 0.01). Similar results were found for obesity and central obesity. Conclusions Individuals who are physically inactive and have a high adiposity level have an increased risk for T2D compared to active individuals with normal BMI.

Background: Physical inactivity is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Aim: To identify factors associated with physical inactivity in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: Participants from the Chilean Health Survey (5,133 individuals) were included in this study. Physical activity was measured using the Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Physical inactivity was defined as < 600 MET. min.week−1 of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of physical inactivity. Results: The main finding of this study were that women (odds ratio (OR): 1.51 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.32-1.72]) were more likely to be inactive compared to men and that older adults were more likely to be inactive than their younger or middle age counterparts (OR: 3.06 [95% CI: 2.45-3.82]). Other correlates of physical inactivity were individuals with obesity (OR: 1.43 [95% CI: 1.20-1.70]), diabetes (OR: 1.96 [95% CI: 1.61-2.38]), hypertension (OR: 1.72 [95% CI: 1.50-1.97]), metabolic syndrome (OR: 1.42 [95% IC: 1.18-1.70]), a low education level (OR: 1.26 [95% CI: 1.06-1.49]) and higher levels of sedentary behavior (OR: 2.77 [95% CI: 2.36-3.25]). Conclusions: Women, older people and sedentary subjects with chronic non-transmissible conditions are at higher risk of being physically inactive.

Objective To analyze the effect of 12 weeks of physical activity on the morphology of the women enrolled in the Family Health Program in the city of Patos, Paraíba, Brazil. During these weeks, different physical activity programs were applied. Methods A quasi-experimental study, in which 28 women were analyzed. All were volunteers, aged between 42 and 56 years and divided into groups: G1 (n=15, recreational activities) and G2 (n=13, dance activities). For data analysis, the Student t-test for independent samples was used with a significance level of p<0.05. Results The comparison of body composition variables showed no difference between the two groups. However, when the pre- and post-exercise moments are compared, it is seen that the two different physical activity programs produce significant changes in the morphology of women. Conclusion The results indicate that the applied physical activity programs produce significant changes in the morphology of women. On the other hand, we consider that the comparison between a physical exercise program and recreational physical activity program and their effects on the morphology of women could be good.

Objetivo Analizar el efecto de 12 semanas de actividad física en la morfología de las mujeres inscritas en el programa de salud familiar de la ciudad de Patos, Paraíba - Brasil. Durante estas semanas se aplicaron diferentes programas de actividad física. Métodos Investigación cuasi experimental, en la cual fueron analizadas 28 mujeres, voluntarias, con edades entre 42 y 56 años, divididas en los grupos: G1 (n=15, actividades lúdicas) y G2 (n=13, actividad de danza). Para el análisis de datos se empleó la prueba t student para muestras independientes con un nivel de significancia de p<0.05. Resultados La comparación de las variables de la composición corporal no mostró diferencia entre los grupos. Sin embargo, cuando se comparan los momentos pre y post, se observa que los dos programas de actividad física distintos producen modificaciones significativas en la morfología de las mujeres. Conclusión Los resultados obtenidos indican que los programas de actividad física aplicados producen modificaciones significativas en la morfología de las mujeres. Por otro lado, se considera que podría ser buena la comparación de un programa de ejercicio físico y de actividades físicas lúdicas y sus efectos en la morfología de mujeres.

Objetivo Analizar el efecto de 12 semanas de actividad física en la morfología de las mujeres inscritas en el programa de salud familiar de la ciudad de Patos, Paraíba - Brasil. Durante estas semanas se aplicaron diferentes programas de actividad física. Métodos Investigación cuasi experimental, en la cual fueron analizadas 28 mujeres, voluntarias, con edades entre 42 y 56 años, divididas en los grupos: G1 (n=15, actividades lúdicas) y G2 (n=13, actividad de danza). Para el análisis de datos se empleó la prueba t student para muestras independientes con un nivel de significancia de p<0.05. Resultados La comparación de las variables de la composición corporal no mostró diferencia entre los grupos. Sin embargo, cuando se comparan los momentos pre y post, se observa que los dos programas de actividad física distintos producen modificaciones significativas en la morfología de las mujeres. Conclusión Los resultados obtenidos indican que los programas de actividad física aplicados producen modificaciones significativas en la morfología de las mujeres. Por otro lado, se considera que podría ser buena la comparación de un programa de ejercicio físico y de actividades físicas lúdicas y sus efectos en la morfología de mujeres.

Objective To analyze the effect of 12 weeks of physical activity on the morphology of the women enrolled in the Family Health Program in the city of Patos, Paraíba, Brazil. During these weeks, different physical activity programs were applied. Methods A quasi-experimental study, in which 28 women were analyzed. All were volunteers, aged between 42 and 56 years and divided into groups: G1 (n=15, recreational activities) and G2 (n=13, dance activities). For data analysis, the Student t-test for independent samples was used with a significance level of p<0.05. Results The comparison of body composition variables showed no difference between the two groups. However, when the pre- and post-exercise moments are compared, it is seen that the two different physical activity programs produce significant changes in the morphology of women. Conclusion The results indicate that the applied physical activity programs produce significant changes in the morphology of women. On the other hand, we consider that the comparison between a physical exercise program and recreational physical activity program and their effects on the morphology of women could be good.

Background: interventions aiming to develop healthy lifestyle behaviours at early age could be an effective way of reducing childhood obesity. Aims: to evaluate the effect of a dietary and physical activity intervention on reducing childhood obesity. Methods: 312 students took part on this 5 month intervention study. The intervention included dietary talk delivered to children and their parents in addition to 45 minutes of daily physical activity modules. Nutritional status was assessed using the Obesity Task Force criteria. Changes in dietary behaviours and physical activity were assessed using questionnaires administrated to the parents. Results: body mass index decreased significantly post intervention (-0.2 kg.m-2), however, this reduction was driven by boys (-0.3 kg.m-2). Similarly, waist circumference shows a significant reduction in boys (-0.4 cm) but not girls. Children with overweight or obesity shows greater reductions in obesity-related traits, which were related to changes in dietary and physical activity post interventions. Conclusion: multidisciplinary interventions applied to children between 5 and 7 years old are effective on reducing body mass index and improving dietary and physical activity behaviours in overweight and obese children.

Introducción: las intervenciones orientadas a la formación de estilos de vida saludable en edades tempranas podría ser una herramienta eficaz para reducir los niveles de obesidad en escolares. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de una intervención en alimentación y actividad física (AF) en la reducción de la obesidad en escolares. Métodos: un total de 312 escolares participaron en esta intervención, la cual se aplicó durante cinco meses. Se desarrollaron talleres para la familia y los niños con material educativo basado en guías alimentarias chilenas, en conjunto con 45 minutos diarios de AF. El estado nutricional fue evaluado con el International Obesity Task Force. Los cambios en los hábitos alimentarios y de actividad física fueron evaluados mediante la aplicación de cuestionarios. Resultados: el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) disminuyó significativamente post intervención (-0,2 kg.m-2); al analizar estos resultados por sexo, solo los varones presentaron una reducción significativa (-0,3 kg.m-2). Resultados similares fueron observados para el perímetro de la cintura en varones (-0,4 cm). No obstante, al analizar el efecto de la intervención en aquellos escolares con sobrepeso u obesidad preintervención se observaron cambios significativos en el IMC, los cuales fueron asociados a cambios en la alimentación y los niveles de actividad física. Conclusiones: las intervenciones multidisciplinarias aplicadas a escolares del primer ciclo de enseñanza básica son efectivas a la hora de reducir los niveles de IMC e incrementar los niveles de actividad física y la calidad de la alimentación en escolares con sobrepeso u obesidad.

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la eficacia de un programa de actividad física y alimentación saludable en escolares chilenos. Materiales y Métodos: Se trabajó con ocho Centros Educativos de Chillán, con un total de 257 niños. La intervención se aplicó durante 5 meses, se desarrollaron talleres durante las reuniones de padres y apoderados con material educativo, a los niños se les incorporaron 45 minutos diarios de AF todos los días de la semana y talleres saludables. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron dos cuestionarios, uno sobre actividad física y el segundo sobre frecuencia alimentaria, además se utilizaron una balanza digital y un tallímetro para obtener estado nutricional. Se midieron peso, talla y se calculó Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y el estado nutricional. Resultados: Después de la intervención el porcentaje de la muestra que presentaba exceso de peso disminuyó de 50,2% a 42% en general; en cuanto a las niñas, estas presentaban un 47% de exceso de peso, finalizada la intervención el porcentaje de niñas con exceso de peso disminuyó hasta un 35,9%, quedando en 64,1% los casos en estado normal; en cuanto a la calidad alimentaria, los resultados postintervención muestran que la baja calidad alimentaria disminuyó de un 28% a 5,4%, los que tenían media pasaron de 10,9% a 17,9%, de la misma forma la calidad alta aumentó de un 61,1% a 76,7%. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que programas para reducir la obesidad infantil, que son abordados con actividad física y talleres de alimentación saludable, logran resultados positivos.

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of a physical activity in a healthy eating program for Chilean students. Materials and Methods: The investigation was carried out with eight educational centers in Chillán with a total of 257 children. The intervention was applied for 5 months. Workshops were held during parents and guardians meetings with educational material, and children worked 45 minutes AF daily every day of the week and attended health workshops. The instruments used were two questionnaires, one about physical activity and the other about food frequency; besides, a digital scale and a stadiometer were used to obtain the nutritional state. Weight and height were measured and also the BMI and nutritional state were measured. Results: After the intervention the percentage of the sample that presented overweight diminished from 50.2% to 42% in general. Regarding the girls, they presented 47% overweight and when the intervention finished the percentage of overweight girls diminished to a 35.9% being 64.1% the cases in a normal state. As for food quality, it diminished from 28% to 5.4%; those who had a media went from 10.9 to 17.9, and in the same way, high quality increased from a 61.1% to 76,7%. Conclusions: The results show that programs to reduce child obesity which are dealt with physical activity and food workshops have good results.

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a eficácia de um programa de atividade física e alimentação saudável em crianças da escola chilena. Materiais e Métodos: Trabalhou se com oito Centros de Educação de Chillán, com um total de 257 crianças. A intervenção se aplicou durante 5 meses, desenvolveram se oficinas educativas durante as reuniões de pais com material educativo, às crianças se lhes ensinou por 45 minutos diários de AF todos os dias da semana e atividades saudáveis. Os instrumentos utilizados foram dois questionários, um sobre atividade física e o segundo sobre freqüência alimentaria, além se utilizaram uma balança digital e uma vara de medição (tallímetro) para obter estado nutricional. Mediu se peso tamanho e calculou se o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) Resultados: Após da intervenção a porcentagem da mostra que apresentava excesso de peso diminuiu de 50,2% a 42% em geral; no tocante as meninas, estas apresentavam um 47% de excesso de peso, finalizava a intervenção a porcentagem de meninas com excesso de peso diminuiu até um 35,9% ficando em 64,1% os casos em estado normal; com respeito à qualidade alimentaria diminuiu de 28% a 5,4%, os que tinham media passaram de 10,9% a 17,9%, da mesma forma a qualidade alta aumentou dum 61,1% a 76,7%. Conclusões: Os resultados mostram que programas para reduzir a obesidade infantil, que são abordados com atividade física e oficinas de alimentação saudável, logram resultados positivos.

Introduction: obesity in Chile affects 9.9 % of children under 6 years of age and increases to 22.4 % in overweight children. Objective: to determine the nutritional condition of boys and girls according to their physical exercising, the quality of their feeding and the schooling of the parents. Methods: two hundred fifty seven children of both sexes from public schools were evaluated. Their parents answered the questionnaires in terms of level of physical exercising, quality of feeding and schooling. Univariate and bivariate statistical analysis were applied by using absolute frequencies, percentages and the Chi-square test to evaluate data. Results: of 257 schoolchildren, 50 % were overweight. The nutritional condition was significantly related with the physical exercising (p< 0.01), but unrelated to food quality and schooling. This last variable would explain the food quality of the children (p< 0.01). Conclusions: the children of both sexes who presented with poor physical exercising reach 76 % in obesity and overweight if compared to 20 % overweight in children practicing regular exercising. Despite the lack of relationship between nutritional condition and food quality, the proportion of obese children in the group having good food quality was high. On the other hand, the high percentage of overweight in the school children may be explained by poor physical exercising rather than food consumption, although the majority stated that they kept good food quality.

Introducción: la obesidad en Chile afecta al 9,9 % de los menores de 6 años y se eleva hasta el 22,4 % en los niños con sobrepeso. Objetivo: determinar el estado nutricional de niños y niñas según su nivel de actividad física, calidad de su alimentación y nivel educativo de sus padres. Métodos: se evaluaron 257 niños(as) de escuelas públicas. Los padres respondieron lo referente al nivel de actividad física, calidad de la alimentación y nivel educativo a través de cuestionarios. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística univariada y bivariada usando frecuencias absolutas, porcentajes y prueba de ji-Cuadrada. Resultados: de los 257 estudiantes el 50 % tenía exceso de peso. El estado nutricional se relacionó significativamente con la actividad física (p< 0,01), pero no con la calidad alimentaria ni con el nivel educativo de los padres. Esta última variable sí explicaría la calidad alimentaria de los niños(as) (p< 0,01). Conclusiones: los niños(as) que tenían mala actividad física alcanzan el 76 % de obesidad y sobrepeso, a diferencia del 20 % de exceso de peso que tienen los estudiantes que realizan actividad física regular. A pesar de no haber encontrado relación entre el estado nutricional y la calidad alimentaria, hay mayor proporción de obesidad en los niños(as) con alta calidad alimentaria. El alto porcentaje de exceso de peso en los estudiantes podría explicarse más bien por la falta de actividad física que por el consumo de alimentos, a pesar de que la mayoría dice tener buena calidad alimentaria.

Introduction: obesity in Chile affects 9.9 % of children under 6 years of age and increases to 22.4 % in overweight children. Objective: to determine the nutritional condition of boys and girls according to their physical exercising, the quality of their feeding and the schooling of the parents. Methods: two hundred fifty seven children of both sexes from public schools were evaluated. Their parents answered the questionnaires in terms of level of physical exercising, quality of feeding and schooling. Univariate and bivariate statistical analysis were applied by using absolute frequencies, percentages and the Chi-square test to evaluate data. Results: of 257 schoolchildren, 50 % were overweight. The nutritional condition was significantly related with the physical exercising (p< 0.01), but unrelated to food quality and schooling. This last variable would explain the food quality of the children (p< 0.01). Conclusions: the children of both sexes who presented with poor physical exercising reach 76 % in obesity and overweight if compared to 20 % overweight in children practicing regular exercising. Despite the lack of relationship between nutritional condition and food quality, the proportion of obese children in the group having good food quality was high. On the other hand, the high percentage of overweight in the school children may be explained by poor physical exercising rather than food consumption, although the majority stated that they kept good food quality.

Introducción: la obesidad en Chile afecta al 9,9 % de los menores de 6 años y se eleva hasta el 22,4 % en los niños con sobrepeso. Objetivo: determinar el estado nutricional de niños y niñas según su nivel de actividad física, calidad de su alimentación y nivel educativo de sus padres. Métodos: se evaluaron 257 niños(as) de escuelas públicas. Los padres respondieron lo referente al nivel de actividad física, calidad de la alimentación y nivel educativo a través de cuestionarios. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística univariada y bivariada usando frecuencias absolutas, porcentajes y prueba de ji-Cuadrada. Resultados: de los 257 estudiantes el 50 % tenía exceso de peso. El estado nutricional se relacionó significativamente con la actividad física (p< 0,01), pero no con la calidad alimentaria ni con el nivel educativo de los padres. Esta última variable sí explicaría la calidad alimentaria de los niños(as) (p< 0,01). Conclusiones: los niños(as) que tenían mala actividad física alcanzan el 76 % de obesidad y sobrepeso, a diferencia del 20 % de exceso de peso que tienen los estudiantes que realizan actividad física regular. A pesar de no haber encontrado relación entre el estado nutricional y la calidad alimentaria, hay mayor proporción de obesidad en los niños(as) con alta calidad alimentaria. El alto porcentaje de exceso de peso en los estudiantes podría explicarse más bien por la falta de actividad física que por el consumo de alimentos, a pesar de que la mayoría dice tener buena calidad alimentaria.